01 - Preheat oven to 350°F and line a 12-cup muffin tin with paper liners.
02 - Whisk together flour, sugar, baking soda, baking powder, salt, and pumpkin pie spice in a large bowl until evenly distributed.
03 - In a separate bowl, whisk together oil, eggs, pumpkin purée, milk, and vanilla extract until smooth and well combined.
04 - Pour the wet ingredients into the dry ingredients and fold gently until just combined. Take care not to overmix to maintain tender texture.
05 - Beat cream cheese and sugar in a medium bowl until smooth. Add egg yolk, heavy cream, cinnamon, cardamom, ginger, cloves, nutmeg, and vanilla; continue beating until creamy and fully incorporated.
06 - Scoop pumpkin batter into each prepared muffin liner, filling about 2/3 full.
07 - Drop approximately 1 tablespoon of chai cheesecake filling onto the center of each muffin. Gently swirl the filling into the batter using a toothpick, creating a marbled effect.
08 - Bake for 20-22 minutes until a toothpick inserted into the pumpkin portion (avoiding the cheesecake center) comes out clean.
09 - Allow muffins to cool in the pan for 10 minutes, then carefully transfer to a wire rack to cool completely before serving.